Download:

PDF

Author: Nikolay N. Podosokorsky
Information about the author:

PhD in Philology, Senior Researcher, Research Centre “Dostoevsky and World Culture,” A.M. Gorky Institute of World Literature of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Povarskaya 25 a, 121069 Moscow, Russia.

https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6310-1579

E-mail: This email address is being protected from spambots. You need JavaScript enabled to view it.

For citation:

Podosokorsky, N.N. “Napoleon-Sun in Dostoevsky’s Novel Crime and Punishment.” Dostoevsky and World Culture. Philological journal, no. 2 (22), 2023, pp. 57–105. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2023-2-57-105

Received: 23 Apr. 2023
Published: 25 Jun. 2023
Issue: 2023 no. 2 (22)
Department: POETICS. CONTEXT
Pages: 57-105
DOI: https://doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2023-2-57-105
EDN:

https://elibrary.ru/KULDVZ

UDK: 821.161.1.0
BBK: 83.3
Keywords: Crime and Punishment, Rodion Raskolnikov, Napoleon, Napoleonic myth, solar myth, Napoleonic legend, Apollo, Sun of Austerlitz, Battle of Ulm, Battle of Austerlitz.
Abstract: The article is dedicated to the historical and cultural fusion of the Napoleonic and solar myth and its reflection in Dostoevsky’s novel Crime and Punishment. The plea of investigator Porfiry Petrovich to Rodion Raskolnikov during their third conversation “to become the sun” affects not only the Christian, as many researchers have already noticed, but also the Napoleonic side of the personality of the hero, who is trying to become the new Petersburg’s legislator of humanity. Special attention is paid to the evolution of the concept of “the Sun of Austerlitz,” which is usually understood as the highest triumph of Napoleon during his entire military career, and the centennial tradition of identifying great rulers with the Sun (Alexander the Great, Julius Caesar, Louis XIV, Napoleon, etc.). The formation of the solar cult of Napoleon during the First Empire in France and the role of the sun in the novel Crime and Punishment are considered in detail. It is explained why Raskolnikov, whose name Rodion refers to the island of Rhodes, dedicated to Helios, the god of the sun, mentions a variety of battles and campaigns involving his idol (the Siege of Toulon, the Egyptian campaign, the crossing of the Alps, the War of 1812, Waterloo, etc.) but completely ignores the Battle of Austerlitz, and why the sun the hero comes across is almost always setting. In addition, the article traces the connection between Napoleon and Apollo in the European culture of the first half of the 19th century and in Dostoevsky’s work.

References

1. [Abrantes, Duchess.] Zapiski gertsogini Abrantes, ili Istoricheskie vospominaniia o Napoleone, revoliutsii, direktorii, konsul’stve, imperii i vosstanovlenii Burbonov: v 16 tomakh [Notes of the Duchess of Abrantes, or Historical Memoirs of Napoleon, the Revolution, the Directory, the Consulate, the Empire, and the Restoration of the Bourbons: in 16 vols]. Trans. from French by K. Polevoi. Moscow, Tip. Avgusta Semena pri Imperatorskoi Mediko-Khirurgicheskoi Akademii Publ., 1835–1839. (In Russ.)

2. Arndt, E.M. “[Puteshestvie v Rossiiu v 1812] (Fragment ‘Vospominanii iz vneshnei zhizni’)” [“[Journey to Russia in 1812] (An Excerpt from ‘Memories from the Outside’)”]. Trans. from German and comm. by I.N. Lagutina. Filosofskie pis’ma. Russko-evropeiskii dialog, vol. 5, no. 4, 2022, pp. 189–232. (In Russ.)

3. Afanasii (Nechaev), archimandrite. Ot Valaama do Parizha [From Valaam to Paris]. Moscow, Fond “Dukhovnoe nasledie mitropolita Antoniia Surozhskogo” Publ., 2011. 224 p. (In Russ.)

4. Byron, G.G. Sochineniia: v 3 tomakh [Works: in 3 vols]. Ed. by O. Afonina, M. Kurginian, V. Levik; trans. from English and intro. by M. Kurginian; comm. by O. Afonina. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literatura Publ., 1974. (In Russ.)

5. Batiushkov, K.N. Sochineniia: v 2 tomakh [Works: in 2 vols]. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literatura Publ., 1989. (In Russ.)

6. Blistatel’nyi Peterburg (Tri veka severnoi stolitsy Rossii). Istoriia Sankt-Peterburga pervoi poloviny XIX veka [Brilliant Petersburg (Three Centuries of Russia’s Northern Capital). History of St. Petersburg in the First Half of the 19th Century]. Moscow, Rubezhi XXI Publ., 2008. 688 p. (In Russ.)

7. Bluche, François. Liudovik XIV [Louis XIV]. Trans. from French. Moscow, Ladomir Publ., 1998. 815 p. (In Russ.)

8. Bulgarin, F.V. Vospominaniia [Memories]. Moscow, Zakharov Publ., 2001. 784 p. (In Russ.)

9. Veresaev, V.V. Zhivaia zhizn’: O Dostoevskom i L. Tolstom: Apollon i Dionis (o Nitssche) [Living Life: On Dostoevsky and Lev Tolstoy: Apollo and Dionysus (on Nietzsche)]. Moscow, Politizdat Publ., 1991. 336 p. (In Russ.)

10. Vigel’, F.F. Zapiski: v 2 tomakh [Notes: in 2 vols]. Moscow, Zakharov Publ., 2003. (In Russ.)

11. Winckelmann, Johann J. Istoriia iskusstva drevnosti. Malye sochineniia [The History of the Art of Antiquity. Minor Works]. Ed. by I.E. Babanov. St. Petersburg, Aleteiia, State Hermitage Publ., 2000. 800 p. (In Russ.)

12. Viazemskii, P.A. Pominki po Borodinskoi bitve i Vospominaniia o 1812 gode [Commemoration of the Battle of Borodino and Memories of 1812]. Moscow, Tip. Gracheva i Ko Publ., 1869. 60 p. (In Russ.)

13. Viazemskii, P.A. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii kniazia P.A. Viazemskogo: v 12 tomakh [Complete Works of Prince Pyotr A. Vyazemsky: in 12 vols]. Publ. by Count S.D. Sheremetev. St. Petersburg, Tip. M.M. Stasiulevicha Publ., 1878–1896. (In Russ.)

14. Glinka, F.N. Ocherki Borodinskogo srazheniia (vospominaniia o 1812 gode). Sochinenie F. Glinki, avtora “Pisem Russkogo Ofitsera” [Essays on the Battle of Borodino (Memoirs of 1812). A Work by F. Glinka, Author of the Letters of a Russian Officer], part 1. Moscow, Tip. Nikolaia Stepanova Publ., 1839. 69 p. (In Russ.)

15. Graves, Robert. Mify Drevnei Gretsii [The Greek Myths]. Trans. from English by K. Luk’ianenko. Moscow, Inostranka, Azbuka-Attikus Publ., 2014. 832 p. (In Russ.)

16. Grech, N.I. Zapiski o moei zhizni [Notes on My Life]. Moscow, Kniga Publ., 1990. 396 p. (In Russ.)

17. Grigor’ev, A.A. Sochineniia: v 2 tomakh [Works: in 2 vols]. Intro. by B. Egorov; comp. and comm. by B. Egorov and A. Ospovat. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literatura Publ., 1990. (In Russ.)

18. Hugo, Victor. Sobranie sochinenii: v 15 tomakh [Collected Works: in 15 vols]. Trans. from French. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literatura Publ., 1953–1956. (In Russ.)

19. Hugo, Victor. Sobranie sochinenii: v 14 tomakh [Collected Works: in 14 vols]. Trans. from French. Moscow, Terra – Knizhnyi klub Publ., 2001–2003. (In Russ.)

20. Dayot, Armand. Neizvestnyi Napoleon. Epopeia o velichii i napadenii [The Unknown Napoleon. An Epic of Greatness and Decline]. Trans. from French by E. Shevchenko. Moscow, Mir i Obrazovanie Publ., 2012. 320 p. (In Russ.)

21. Deschodt, Éric. Liudovik XIV [Louis XIV]. Trans. from French by M.V. Dobrodeeva; intro. by V.V. Erlikhman. Moscow, Molodaia gvardiia, Palimpsest Publ., 2011. 286 p. (In Russ.)

22. Johnson, Paul. Napoleon [Napoleon]. Trans. from English by O. Blagina. Moscow, KoLibri, Azbuka-Attikus Publ., 2014. 304 p. (In Russ.)

23. Dolinin, A.S. Poslednie romany Dostoevskogo [Dostoevsky’s Last Novels]. Moscow, Leningrad, Sovetskii pisatel’ Publ., 1963. 343 p. (In Russ.)

24. Dostoevskii, F.M. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 30 tomakh [Complete Works: in 30 vols]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1972–1990. (In Russ.)

25. Dostoevskii, F.M. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 35 tomakh [Complete Works: in 35 vols]. St. Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 2013− (continuous publication). (In Russ.)

26. Dumas, Alexandre. Napoleon: Zhizneopisanie [Napoleon: A Biography]. Trans. from French by O. Vainer. Moscow, Zakharov Publ., 2005. 240 p. (In Russ.)

27. Zelinskii, F.F. Istoriia antichnykh religii: v 6 tomakh [History of Ancient Religions: in 6 vols], vol. 5, book 2. Trans. from Polish by I.G. Bey; ed. by T.G. Sidash and S.D. Sapozhnikova. St. Petersburg, Izdatel’skii proekt “Kvadrivium” Publ., 2018. 560 p. (In Russ.)

28. Zemtsov, V.N. Napoleon v 1812: khronika [Napoleon in 1812: A Chronicle]. Moscow, Politicheskaia entsiklopediia Publ., 2022. 639 p. (In Russ.)

29. Zotov, R.M. Sobranie sochinenii: v 5 tomakh [Collected Works: in 5 vols]. Moscow, Knizhnyi Klub Knigovek Publ., 2013. (In Russ.)

30. Istoria Italii: v 3 tomakh [History of Italy: in 3 vols]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1970–1971. (In Russ.)

31. Kariakin, Iu.F. Samooobman Raskol’nikova. Roman F.M. Dostoevskogo “Prestuplenie i nakazanie” [Raskolnikov’s Self-Deception. Dostoevsky’s Crime and Punishment]. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literatura Publ., 1976. 158 p. (In Russ.)

32. Kasatkina, T.A. Sviashchennoe v povsednevnom: dvusostavnyi obraz v proizvedeniiakh Dostoevskogo [The Sacred in the Ordinary: The Two-Folded Image in the Works of F.M. Dostoevsky]. Moscow, IWL RAS Publ., 2015. 528 p. (In Russ.)

33. Kasatkina, T.A. Dostoevskii kak filosof i bogoslov: khudozhestvennyi sposob vyskazyvaniia [Dostoevsky Philosopher and Theologian: The Artistic Way of Expression]. Ed. by E.A. Takho-Godi. Moscow, Volodei Publ., 2019. 336 p. (In Russ.)

34. King, David. Bitva diplomatov, ili Vena, 1814 [The Battle of Diplomats, or Vienna, 1814]. Trans. from English by I.V. Lobanov. Moscow, AST: Astrel’ Publ., 2010. 477 p. (In Russ.)

35. Kirillina, L.V. “‘Grom pobedy, razdavaisia…’ (obrazy voiny i pobedy v muzyke XVIII – nachala XIX vekov)” [“‘Rumble, Thunder of Victory...’ (Images of War and Victory in the Music of the 18th and Early 19th Centuries)”]. Iz istorii klassicheskogo iskusstva Zapada [From the History of Western Classical Art]. Moscow, GII Publ., 2003, pp. 182–195. (In Russ.)

36. Kondakov, D.A. “Antichnye i khristianskie simvoly i politicheskie mify v odakh i diframbakh polotskikh iezuitov v chest’ Aleksandra I” [“Ancient and Christian Symbols and Political Myths in the Odes and Dithyrambs of the Jesuits of Polotsk in Honor of Alexander I”]. Izvestiia Rossiiskoi akademii nauk. Seriia literatury i iazyka, vol. 71, no. 6, 2012, pp. 53–58. (In Russ.)

37. Kulikova, Iu.V. “Mesto kul’ta Mitry v religioznoi reforme imperatora Avreliana” [“The Place of the Cult of Mithras in the Religious Reform of Emperor Aurelianus”]. Lokus: liudi, obshchestvo, kul’tury, smysly, no. 4, 2017, pp. 52–66. (In Russ.)

38. Kulikova, Iu.V. “Kul’t Sol v Drevnem Rime (s drevneishikh vremen do reform Elagabala)” [“The Cult of Sol in Ancient Rome (From Ancient Times to the Reform of Elagabalus)”]. Lokus: liudi, obshchestvo, kul’tury, smysly, no. 1, 2020, pp. 46–63. (In Russ.)

39. Kierkegaard, Søren. Strakh i trepet [Fear and Trembling]. Comp. and ed. by S.A. Isaev, I.A. Ebanoidze; trans. from Dutch by N.V. Isaeva, S.A. Isaev. 2nd Edition. Moscow, Kul’turnaia revoliutsiia Publ., 2010. 488 p. (In Russ.)

40. Cumont, Franz. Vostochnye religii v rimskom iazychestve [Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism]. Trans. from French by A.P. Sanina. St. Petersburg, Izdatel’skaia gruppa “Evrasiia” Publ., 2002. 352 p. (In Russ.)

41. Las Cases, comte. Memorial Sviatoi Eleny, ili Vospominaniia ob imperatore Napoleone: v 2 knigakh [The Memorial of Saint Helena, or Memoirs about Napoleon the Emperor: in 2 books]. Trans. by L.N. Zaitsev; ill. N. Charle, O. Verne, and others. Moscow, Zakharov Publ., 2010. (In Russ.)

42. Lachouque, Henry. Gvardiia Napoleona [Napoleon’s Guard]. Trans. from French. Moscow, Izografus, Eksmo Publ., 2003. 800 p. (In Russ.)

43. Berezov, P.I., editor. Lenin i Stalin v tvorchestve narodov SSSR [Lenin and Stalin in the Art of People in USSR]. Moscow, Sovetskii pisatel’ Publ., 1938. 328 p. (In Russ.)

44. Leroy-Je-Lemaitre, I. “Musei Napoleona” [“Napoleon Museum”]. Bezotosnyi, V.M., editor. Napoleon i Luvr. Iz sobranii muzeev Frantsii: katalog vystavki v Gosudarstvennom istoricheskom muzee 21 sentiabria – 10 dekabria 2010 g. [Napoleon and the Louvre. From the Collections of French Museums: A Catalog of the Exhibition at the State Historical Museum, September 21st – December 10th, 2010]. Moscow, Golden-Bi Publ., 2010, pp. 194–229. (In Russ.)

45. Litinskaia, E.P. “Antichnye traditsii v romane ‘Prestuplenie i nakazanie’” [“Ancient Traditions in the Novel Crime and Punishment”]. Nilova, A.Iu, Skoropadskaia, A.A., and Agapitova, E.K., eds. Dostoevskii i antichnost’: kollektivnaia monografiia [Dostoevsky and the Ancient World: A Collective Monography]. St. Petersburg, Izdatel’stvo RKhGA Publ., 2021, pp. 173–193. (In Russ.)

46. Mezentsev, E.V. Voina Rossii s napoleonovskoi Frantsei v 1805 godu: (Deistviia russkoi armii v sostave 3-i antifrantsuzskoi koalitsii) [Russia’s War with Napoleonic France in 1805: (Actions of the Russian Army in the 3rd Anti-French Coalition)]. Moscow, IRI RAN Publ., 2008. 366 p. (In Russ.)

47. Mel’nikova, L. “Voznessia vyshe on glavoiu nepokornoi Napoleonova stolpa” [“It Stands Higher than Napoleon’s Column with Unsubdued Head”]. Rodina, no. 11, 2013, pp. 14–17. (In Russ.)

48. Merezhkovskii, D.S. Napoleon [Napoleon]. Afterword by A.N. Nikoliukin. Moscow, Respublika Publ., 1993. 319 p. (In Russ.)

49. Merezhkovskii, D.S. L. Tolstoi i Dostoevskii [Lev Tolstoy and Dostoevsky]. Ed. by E.A. Andrushchenko. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2000. 588 p. (In Russ.)

50. Maistre, Joseph de. Peterburgskie pis’ma 1803–1817 [Letters from Petersburg 1803–1817]. Trans. from French. St. Petersburg, INAPRESS Publ., 1995. 336 p. (In Russ.)

51. Mikhailovskii-Danilevskii, A.I. Opisanie pervoi voiny imperatora Aleksandra s Napoleonom v 1805 godu [Description of Emperor Alexander’s First War with Napoleon in 1805]. St. Petersburg, Tip. Shtaba Otdel’nogo korpusa vnutrennei strazhi Publ., 1844. 291 p. (In Russ.)

52. Mostovshchikova, E.A. “Sakralizatsiia vlasti v Rimskoi imperii i kul’t Solntsa” [“The Sacralization of Power in the Roman Empire and the Cult of the Sun”]. Vestnik Leningradskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta im. A.S. Pushkina, vol. 2, no. 3–2, 2009, pp. 186–193. (In Russ.)

53. Musset, Alfred de. Ispoved’ syna veka [The Confession of a Child of the Century]. Trans. from French by D. Livshits and K. Ksanina. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literatura Publ., 1958. 272 p. (In Russ.)

54. Napoleon Bonaparte. O voennom iskusstve. Izbrannye proizvedeniia [On the Art of War. Selected Works]. Preface by E.V. Tarle. Moscow, Eksmo Publ., 2003. 800 p. (In Russ.)

55. Napoleon v Rossii v vospominaniiakh inostrantsev: v 2 knigakh [Napoleon in Russia in the Memoirs of Foreigners: in 2 books]. Trans. from French and German. Moscow, Zakharov Publ., 2004. (In Russ.)

56. Napoleon. Gody velichiia: Vospominaniia sekretaria Menevalia i kamerdinera Konstana [Napoleon. Years of Greatness: Memories of Secretary Méneval and Valet Constant]. Trans. by L.N. Zaitsev. Moscow, Zakharov Publ., 2002. 478 p. (In Russ.)

57. [Napoleon I.] Istoriia Iuliia Tsezaria (ego voiny). Sochinenie Napoleona I-go, diktovannoe im na ostrove Sv. Eleny g. Marshanu [The History of Julius Caesar (His War). A Work by Napoleon I, Dictated on the Isle of St. Helen to Marchand]. Trans. from French. Moscow, V Universitetskoi tip. (Katkov i Ko) Publ., 1865. 159 p. (In Russ.)

58. [Napoleon III.] Istoriia Iuliia Tsezaria: v 2 tomakh [History of Julius Caesar: in 2 vols]. St. Petersburg, Izdanie kinoprodavtsa-tipografa M.O. Vol’fa Publ., 1865–1866. (In Russ.)

59. Noskov, N.D. Napoleon. Istoriia velikogo polkovodtsa [Napoleon. The History of a Great Commander]. 2nd Edition. St. Petersburg, Moscow, Izdanie tovarishchestva M.O. Vol’f Publ., 1912. 333 p. (In Russ.)

60. Otechestvennye zapiski. Zhurnal ucheno-literaturnyi, izdavaemyi Andreem Kraevskim [Annals of the Fatherland. A Scholarly and Literary Journal Published by Andrei Kraevsky], vol. 108. St. Petersburg, V Tip. Koroleva i Ko Publ., 1856. 1140 p. (In Russ.)

61. Pérès, Jean-Baptiste. Pochemu Napoleona nikogda ne sushchestvovalo, ili Velikaia oshibka — istochnik beskonechnogo chisla oshibok, kotorye sleduet otmetit’ v istorii XIX v. [As if Napoleon Never Existed or Grand Erratum, Source of an Infinite Number of Errata as Noted in the History of the 19th Century]. Moscow, Tip. G. Lissner Publ., 1912. 22 p. (In Russ.)

62. Petrovskii, N.A. Slovar’ russkikh lichnykh imen [Dictionary of Russian Personal Names]. Moscow, Sovetskaia entsiklopediia Publ., 1966. 384 p. (In Russ.)

63. Podosokorskii, N.N. Napoleonovskaia tema v romane F.M. Dostoevskogo “Idiot”: avtoref. … kand. filol. nauk [The Theme of Napoleon in Dostoevsky’s Novel The Idiot: PhD thesis, summary]. Velikii Novgorod, 2009. 19 p. (In Russ.)

64. Podosokorskii, N.N. “‘Prestuplenie i nakazanie’ kak Roman o Roze” [“Crime and Punishment as Le Roman de la Rose”]. Motorin, A.V., editor. Dukhovnye nachala russkogo iskusstva i prosveshcheniia: Materialy X Mezhdunarodnoi nauch. konf “Dukhovnye nachala russkogo iskusstva i prosveshcheniia” (“Nikitskie chteniia”) [Spiritual Elements of Russian Art and Enlightenment: Proceedings of the 10th International Academic Conference “Spiritual Elements of Russian Art and Enlightenment” (“Nikita Readings”)]. Velikii Novgorod, NovGU im. Yaroslava Mudrogo Publ., 2010, pp. 92–96. (In Russ.)

65. Podosokorskii, N.N. “Religioznyi aspect napoleonovskogo mifa v romane ‘Prestuplenie i nakazanie’: obraz ‘Napoleona-proroka’ i misticheskie sekty russkikh raskol’nikov-pochitatelei Napoleona” [“The Religious Element of the Myth of Napoleon in the Novel Crime and Punishment: The Image of ‘Napoleon-Prophet’ and the Mystic Sects of Russian Schismatics, Worshippers of Napoleon”]. Dostoevskii i mirovaia kul’tura. Filologicheskii zhurnal, no. 2 (18), 2022, pp. 89–143. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2022-2-89-143

66. Podosokorskii, N.N. “‘Napoleonovskii’ Peterburg i ego otrazhenie v romane F.M. Dostoevskogo ‘Prestuplenie i nakazanie’” [“‘Napoleonic’ Petersburg and its Reflection in Dostoevsky’s Novel Crime and Punishment”]. Dostoevskii i mirovaia kul’tura. Filologicheskii zhurnal, no. 4 (20), 2022, pp. 71–135. (In Russ.) https://doi.org/10.22455/2619-0311-2022-4-71-135

67. Poliakov, E.N., and Evraskina, E.V. “Arkhitekturnoe nasledie rimskogo imperatora Adriana” [“The Architectural Heritage of the Roman Emperor Adrian”]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo arkhitekturno-stroitel’nogo universiteta, no. 3 (28), 2010, pp. 9–26. (In Russ.)

68. Postnikova, A.A. “Frantsuzskii ‘Austerlits’: zabytaia pobeda ili ‘smena disursivnoi formatsii’?” [“The French ‘Austerlitz’: A Forgotten Victory or a ‘Change of Discursive Formation’?”]. Voprosy vseobshchei istorii, no. 23, 2020, pp. 254–275. (In Russ.)

69. Pushkin, A.S. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 10 tomakh [Complete Works: in 10 vols]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1977–1979. (In Russ.)

70. Pushkin, A.S. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 20 tomakh [Complete Works: in 20 vols]. St. Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 1999– (continuous publication). (In Russ.)

71. Pflugk-Harttung. Vsemirnaia istoriia: v 6 tomakh [World History: in 6 vols]. Ed. by N.I. Kareev and S.G. Lozinskii. St. Petersburg, Brokgauz-Efron Publ., 1910–1912. (In Russ.)

72. Rimskie istoriki IV veka [Roman Historians of the 4th Century]. Moscow, Rossiiskaia politicheskaia entsiklopediia (ROSSPEN) Publ., 1997. 414 p. (In Russ.)

73. Rybakov, B.A. Iazychestvo drevnei Rusi [Paganism in Ancient Rus]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1987. 784 p. (In Russ.)

74. Ségur, comte de. Pokhod v Rossiiu. Memuary ad’’iutanta [The Russian Campaign. Memoirs of an Aide-de-Camp]. Moscow, Zakharov Publ., 2002. 285 p. (In Russ.)

75. Scott, Walter. Zhizn’ Napoleona Bonaparte, imperatora frantsuzov [The Life of Napoleon Buonaparte, Emperor of the French]. Trans. from English by S. de Shaplet. St. Petersburg, Tip. Aleksandra Smirdina Publ., 1831–1832. (In Russ.)

76. Tolstoi, N.I., editor. Slavianskie drevnosti: Etnolingvisticheskii slovar’: v 5 tomakh [Slavonic Antiquities: An Ethnolinguistic Dictionary: in 5 vols]. Moscow, Mezhdunarodnye otnosheniia Publ., 1995–2012. (In Russ.)

77. Aizikova, I.A., Kiselev, V.S., and Nikonova, N.E., eds. Sobranie stikhotvorenii, otnosiashchikhsia k nezabvennomu 1812 godu. Iubileinoe izdanie [Collected Poem, Regarding the Unforgettable Year 1812. Anniversary Edition]. Moscow, Iazyki slavianskoi kul’tury Publ., 2015. 640 p. (In Russ.)

78. Sokolov, O.V. Austerlits. Napoleon, Rossiia i Evropa, 1799–1805 gg.: v 2 tomakh [Austerlitz: Napoleon, Russia, and Europe, 1799–1805]. Moscow, Rus. impul’s Publ., 2006. (In Russ.)

79. Sokolov, O.V. Bitva dvukh imperii. 1805–1812. Glavnaia kniga o prichinakh voiny 1812 goda [The Battle of the Two Empires. 1805–1812. The Main Book on the Causes of the War of 1812]. Moscow, Iauza-katalog Publ., 2020. 480 p. (In Russ.)

80. Stepanian, K.A. Putevoditel’ po romanu F.M. Dostoevskogo “Prestuplenie i nakazanie”: Uchebnoe posobie [Guide to Dostoevsky’s Novel Crime and Punishment: A Textbook]. Moscow, Izdvo Moskovskogo universiteta Publ., 2014. 208 p. (In Russ.)

81. Superanskaia, A.V. Sovremennyi slovar’ lichnykh imen: Sravnenie. Proiskhozhdenie. Napisanie [Modern Dictionary of Personal Names: Comparison. Origin. Writing]. Moscow, Airis-press Publ., 2005. 384 p. (In Russ.)

82. Talychova, T. “Beranzhe i ego perevodchik” [“Béranger and His Translator”]. Otechestvennye zapiski, vol. 144, no. 9, 1862, pp. 1–54. (In Russ.)

83. Tarle, E.V. Sochineniia: v 12 tomakh [Works: in 12 vols]. Ed. by A.S. Erusalimskii. Moscow, AN SSSR Publ., 1957–1961. (In Russ.)

84. Tikhomirov, B.N. “Lazar’! Griadi von”. Roman F.M. Dostoevskogo “Prestuplenie i nakazanie” v sovremennom prochtenii. Kniga-kommentarii [“Lazarus, Come Out.” A Contemporary Reading of Dostoevsky’s Novel Crime and Punishment. Book-Commentary]. 2nd Ed. revised and amended. St. Petersburg, Serebriannyi vek Publ., 2016. 560 p. (In Russ.)

85. Tikhomirov, B.N. “Pochemu Rodion Raskol’nikov?” [“Why Rodion Raskolnikov?”]. Russkaia rech’, no. 2, 1986, pp. 35–39. (In Russ.)

86. Tolstoi, L.N. Polnoe sobranie sochinenii: v 90 tomakh [Complete Works: in 90 vols]. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literatura Publ., 1935–1958. (In Russ.)

87. Trachevskii, A.S. Napoleon I. Ego zhizn’ i gosudarstvennaia deiatel’nost’. Biograficheskii ocherk [Napoleon I. His Life and Statesmanship. Biographical Essay]. St. Petersburg, Tip. Iu.N. Erlikh Publ., 1900. 112 p. (In Russ.)

88. Troitskii, N.A. Napoleon Velikii: v 2 tomakh [Napoleon the Great: in 2 vols]. Comp. and intro. by M.V. Kovalev and Iu.G. Stepanov. Moscow, Politicheskaia Entsiklopediia Publ., 2020. (In Russ.)

89. Tugan-Baranovskii, D.M. Napoleon i vlast’ (epokha konsul’stva): Monografiia [Napoleon and Power (The Consulate Period): A Monography]. Balashov, Izd-vo BGPI Publ., 1993. 304 p. (In Russ.)

90. Thiers, Adolphe. Istoriia Konsul’stva i Imperii. Imperiia: v 4 tomakh [History of the Consulate and the Empire. Empire: in 4 vols]. Trans. from French by O. Vainer. Moscow, Zakharov Publ., 2013–2014. (In Russ.)

91. Tulard, Jean. Napoleon, ili Mif o “spasitele” [Napoleon: The Myth of the Savior]. Trans. from French by A.P. Bondarev; intro. by A.P. Levandovskii. 3rd Edition. Moscow, Molodaia gvardiia Publ., 2009. 365 p. (In Russ.)

92. Utchenko, S.L. Iulii Tsezar’ [Julius Ceasar]. Moscow, Mysl’ Publ., 1976. 365 p. (In Russ.)

93. Fedotova, E.D. Kanova: Khudozhnik i ego epokha [Canova: The Artist and His Age]. Moscow, Respublika Publ., 2002. 527 p. (In Russ.)

94. Faure, Paul. Aleksandr Makedonskii [Alexander the Great]. Trans. from French by I.I. Makhan’kov; ed. by E.G. Iunts. 3rd Edition. Moscow, Molodaia gvardiia Publ., 2011. 412 p. (In Russ.)

95. Fureix, Emmanuel. Oskorblennyi vzor. Politicheskoe ikonoborchestvo posle Frantsuzskoi revoliutsii [The Insulted Look. Political Iconoclasm after the French Revolution]. Trans. from French by V. Mil’china. Moscow, Novoe literaturnoe obozrenie Publ., 2022. 624 p. (In Russ.)

96. Tsirkin, Iu.B. Mify Drevnego Rima [Myths of Ancient Rome]. Moscow, Astrel’: AST Publ., 2000. 560 p. (In Russ.)

97. Chandler, David. Voennye kampanii Napoleona. Triumf i tragediia zavoevatelia: Monografiia [The Campaigns of Napoleon]. Trans. from English by N.B. Chernykh-Kedrovaia. Moscow, Tsentrpoligraf Publ., 2000. 693 p. (In Russ.)

98. Shirokova, N.S. “Kul’t Apollona v kel’tskikh provintsiiakh Rimskoi imperii” [“The Cult of Apollo in the Celtic Provinces of the Roman Empire”]. Novyi Germes, no. 12–1, 2020, pp. 184–199. (In Russ.)

99. Julian, emperor. Polnoe sobranie tvorenii [Complete Works]. St. Petersburg, Izdatel’skii proekt “Kvadrivium” Publ., 2016. 1088 p. (In Russ.)

100. Étienne, Robert. Tsezar’ [Ceasar]. Trans. from French by E.M. Draitova; ed. and intro. by E.V. Liapustina. 2nd Edition. Moscow, Molodaia gvardiia Publ., 2009. 299 p. (In Russ.)