Abstract: The writer addresses the reader in the cultural and historical language of his era. The communication is built largely on the property of human consciousness to transform words into visual images. This property, in turn, allows the writer to convey information to the reader through visual and emotional images. The basis of this imagery is: the object-everyday world familiar to the reader, elements of etiquette, the customs of everyday life, known or discussed events, literary publications and other realities of the cultural life of the era. They constitute carefully thought-out scenery of the events described and reflect the author's assessment of both plot and characters. Each new generation reads the same books with different eyes, replacing disappeared or forgotten cultural realities with elements of the modern world. This fact explains the appearance of all kinds of «modern readings» of 19th century classics. However, if the reader still wants to read Dostoevsky’s works through the eyes of his contemporaries, he hardly can do it without special comments. This article is devoted to the identification of the differences between the perception of Dostoevsky's texts by his contemporaries and modern readings. Examples of the use of the cultural language of the 19th century and some problems of modern comments are here presented, such as Lafitte and Sauternes in the gastronomic culture of the XIX century; history, reality and the role of the image of the old Moscow church in the novel The Adolescent; comments on the personalities mentioned in the calligraphic exercises in the novel The Idiot; the origin of the lexeme «Obdorsk» in the novel The Brothers Karamazov and the obvious indication for Dostoevsky’s contemporaries that the monk belongs to the Old Believers. Key words: F.M. Dostoevsky, culture, commentary.

References

1. Abramov N.A. Opisanie Berezovskogo kraia [Description of the Berezon region]. Zapiski Imperatorskogo russkogo geograficheskogo obshchestva [Notes of the Imperial Russian Geographic society], St. Petersburg, 1857, № 12, pp. 327-448. (In Russ.)

2. Biblioteka F.M. Dostoevskogo: Opyt rekonstruktsii. Nauchnoe opisanie [F.M. Dostoevsky’s library: Attempt of reconstruction. Scientific description]. St. Petersburg, Nauka Publ., 2005. 338 p. (In Russ.)

3. Bratanovskii A. Prikhodskii Khram voskreseniia Khristova, chto na r. Obnore, Iaroslavskoi gub., Liubimskogo uezda, gde pochivaiut moshchi prepodobnogo Sil'versta Obnorskogo [Parish church of the Resurrection of Christ that is on the Obnora river, Yaroslavl’ county, Liubim disctrict, where the reliquiae of st. Silverst of Obnora rest]. 3d ed., revised. Iaroslavl', 1902. 44 p. (In Russ.)

4. Varadinov N.V. Istoriia Ministerstva vnutrennikh del. 8-ia, dopolnitel'naia kniga: Istoriia rasporiazhenii po raskolu [History of Interior Ministry. Book 8, additional: History of Raskol orders]. St. Petersburg, tip. Ministerstva vnutr. del Publ.,1863. 676 p. (In Russ.)

5. Gornostaev F.F. Arkhitektura Moskvy [Moscow architecture]. Po Moskve. Progulki po Moskve i eia khudozhestvennym i prosvetitel'nym uchrezhdeniiam [Around Moscow. Walks about Moscow and its artistic and educative institutions]. Moscow, Izdanie M. i S. Sabashnikovykh Publ., 1917, pp. 66-84. (In Russ.)

6. Dekhanova O.A. Zakuska kak forma i soderzhanie [Zakuska as form and content]. Dostoevskii i sovremennost'. Materialy XXIII Mezhdunarodnykh Starorusskikh chtenii 2008 goda [Dostoevsky and the modern age. Materials of the 23d International readings in Staraya Russa in 2008], 2009, pp. 164. (In Russ.)

7. Dekhanova O.A. Roman "Podrostok'. Ideia edy [The novel The Adolescent. The idea of food]. Dostoevskii i mirovaia kul'tura [Dostoevsky and world culture], 2013, № 30, part I, pp. 331- 332. (In Russ.)

8. Dostoevskaia A.G. Vospominaniia [Memoirs]. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literature Publ., 1981. 518 p. (In Russ.)

9. Dostoevskii F.M. Poln. sobr. soch.: v 30 t. [Complete works: in 30 vols.]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1972-1990. (In Russ.)

10. Dostoevskii A.M. Vospominaniia [Memoirs]. Moscow, Agraf Publ., 1999. 432 p. (In Russ.)

11. Zavalishin I.I. Opisanie Zapadnoi Sibiri [Description of the Western Siberia]. Moscow, Izdanie Obshchestva rasprostraneniia poleznykh knig Publ., 1862. 414 p. (In Russ.)

12. Kokorev I.T. Moskva sorokovykh godov [Moscow of the forties]. Moscow, Moskovskii rabochii Publ., 1959. 279 p. (In Russ.)

13. Krapivin G.N. K chemu prilozhil ruku igumen Pafnutii? [What did Superior Pafnutij sign?]. Russkaia literature [Russian literature], 2014, № 4, pp. 145-151. (In Russ.)

14. Liubetskii S.M. Moskovskie okrestnosti, blizhnie i dal'nie, za vsemi zastavami, v istoricheskom otnoshenii i sovremennom ikh vide [Moscow outskirts, near and far, beyond all pikes, in the historical view and their modern look]. Moscow, Tip. Indrikha Publ., 1877. 322 p. (In Russ.)

15. Mozharovskii A. Plach na razzorenie skitov [Lament on the ruin of skits]. Russkaia starina [Russian old times], 1878, vol. XXII, № 6, pp. 342-345. (In Russ.) 16. Mozharovskii A. Skitskii trapeznik [Skit manciple]. Russkaia starina [Russian old times], 1878, vol. XXII, № 7, pp. 464-465. (In Russ.)

17. Podosokorskiy N.N. Otechestvennaya voyna 1812 goda v tvorchestve F.M. Dostoyevskogo [The Patriotic War of 1812 in the work of F.M. Dostoevsky] // Pravoslaviye.ru. Data publikatsii: 03.08.2012 [Orthodoxy.ru. Date of publication: 08/03/2012]. URL: https://pravoslavie. ru/55210.html (Data obrashcheniya: 04.12.2019)

18. Ratshin A.M. Polnoe sobranie istoricheskikh svedenii o vsekh byvshikh v drevnosti i nyne sushchestvuiushchikh monastyriakh i primechatel'nykh tserkvakh v Rossii [Complete collection of historical data of all formerly and presently existing monasteries and remarkable churches in Russia]. Moscow, V universitetskoi tipografii Publ., 1852. 564 p. (In Russ.)

19. Stroev P.M. Spiski ierarkhov i nastoiatelei monastyrei rossiiskiia tserkvi [Lists of hierarchs and abbots of Russian monasteries]. St. Petersburg, Tipografiia V.S. Balasheva Publ., 1877. 1056 p. (In Russ.)

20. Fedorov G.A. Moskovskii mir Dostoevskogo [Dostoevsky’s Moscow world]. Moscow, Iazyki slavianskoi kul'tury Publ., 2004. 464 p. (In Russ.)

21. Chudakov A.P. Slovo-veshch'-mir [Word – thing – world]. Moscow, Sovremennyi pisatel' Publ., 1992. 317 p. (In Russ.)

22. Ianovskii S.D. Vospominaniia o Dostoevskom [Memoirs of Dostoevsky]. F.M. Dostoevskii v vospominaniiakh sovremennikov: v 2 t. [Dostoevsky in his contemporaries’’ memoirs: in 2 vols.]. Moscow, Khudozhestvennaia literature Publ., 1990, vol. 1, pp. 230-251. (In Russ.)